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Learning a second language is hard and it often brings out a range of emotions, from excitement and determination to frustration and self-doubt. Many of us approach language learning with preconceived notions about their abilities, leading to statements like "I'm not good at languages." However, these self-perceptions often reflect a mix of truths and myths about the language acquisition process.
We have collected a few of the most common myths and checked them against our experience as language teachers and the research available.
1. Myth: in order to learn a language I need to have an 'innate talent' for languages
One prevalent myth surrounding language acquisition is the idea that some of us possess an 'innate talent' for learning languages, while others do not. This belief often leads individuals to feel discouraged from even trying to learn a new language.
The Truth: effort and practice matter more than "talent"
Renowned cognitive psychologist and linguist Steven Pinker (Harvard University) challenges the notion of innate talent determining language learning success. He emphasizes that while individuals might have different starting points due to factors like exposure or cognitive advantages, effort, practice, and exposure play far more significant roles in language acquisition than any inherent talent.
Neuroscientist Michael Ullman (Georgetown University) also challenges the belief in a sort of "language gene." He emphasises that while biological factors might contribute to language learning, the ability to learn a language is predominantly shaped by environmental and experiential factors, such as exposure, motivation, and practice.
2. Myth: age is a barrier to learning ("I'm too old to learn a language")
Another common misconception is the belief that age significantly hampers one's ability to learn a new language. People often assume that children learn languages effortlessly, while adults struggle to grasp them.
The Truth: adaptability and motivation are key
Pinker, among other language experts, suggests that although children might have a slight advantage in language learning due to more adaptable brains, adults possess cognitive advantages such as the ability to understand complex grammar structures and abstract concepts. Moreover, adults’ motivation, focus, and persistence can offset the advantages children have, making it entirely feasible for adults to become fluent in a new language.
Stephen Krashen, a linguist and language acquisition expert, challenges the belief that children are the only ones who can effortlessly learn languages. He introduced the concept of the "affective filter," suggesting that stress, anxiety, and low motivation can act as barriers for both children and adults in learning a language. Krashen emphasizes the importance of a low-stress environment and meaningful communication for successful language acquisition in all age groups.
Shifting perspectives on learning a second language
The role of motivation and perseverance
Language learning is not solely dependent on age, talent, or educational background. Steven Pinker and other language experts stress the pivotal role of motivation and perseverance in the acquisition of a new language. Individuals who maintain their motivation and consistently engage with the language they're learning are more likely to achieve fluency.
Embracing a growth mindset
Pinker encourages individuals to adopt a growth mindset, recognising that language learning is a process that involves trial and error. Instead of viewing themselves as inherently "bad" at languages, people should understand that their language learning journey will likely have ups and downs, but persistence and an adaptable approach can lead to progress.
Addressing barriers and challenges
Overcoming the fear of making mistakes
Language learning often comes with the fear of making mistakes. People may feel embarrassed or self-conscious about their proficiency, hindering their progress. Pinker and language specialists highlight the importance of embracing mistakes as part of the learning process. Making errors is a natural part of language acquisition and should not deter learners.
Adapting to different learning styles
People have varied learning styles, and what works for one person might not work for another. Pinker advocates for flexibility in learning methods. Experimenting with various resources—such as language apps, textbooks, immersive experiences, and conversations—can help learners find what suits their individual learning style.
Conclusion: learning a second language is for everyone
In conclusion, the myths surrounding language learning often overshadow the truths about the process. Steven Pinker's perspective, in alignment with other language experts, emphasises the importance of effort, practice, and perseverance over the belief in innate talent or age-related limitations. Instead of resigning to the notion of being "bad at languages," individuals should understand that language learning is a journey open to all, demanding commitment, motivation, and an open mind to overcome challenges and make substantial progress toward fluency. With the right attitude and dedication, everyone can unlock their potential to learn a second language.
References
Pinker, S. (1994). The Language Instinct. New York, NY: Harper Perennial Modern Classics.